My Philosophy of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Philosophy of Education - Essay Example From the video clip, the children learn by touching, seeing and feeling the concepts in the use of beads in understanding math. The child gets comfortable with all the materials that represent certain symbols. They can count the symbols from 0-9 by binding the spindle by a rubber band, to represent symbols. This is aimed at helping them manipulate numbers of any magnitude. Pestalozzian and Montessorian teaching techniques included the use of a special environment for learning, by using materials and activities that are based on the conservation of the children. Contrary to the conventional schools, children are not motivated to learn by rewards and subjected to punishments if they fail. Here children learn at their will. They concentrate on structure and play with objects, repeat the previous actions until they master a specific skill. Their capacity for learning lead to reading and writing skills on their own will. Ms. Williams used the same techniques as Pestalozzian and Montessorian. She gave children materials like small sticks and beads to play with. They tie the objects in the representation of symbols. They learn the concept of numbers and understand math. This is because children like playing with objects and enjoy touching everything. They learn by touching, feeling and gaining skills from it. Same as Pestalozzian and Montessorian, they are no t motivated by rewards. They learn at their convenience. Ms. Williams gives objects to children to learn by touching and playing with them. They acquire skills not by being told but by touching, seeing and understanding how everything works. For instance, a cat can scratch when handled carelessly, instead of telling them, they will experience it. So they will be careful next time, because they touched the cat, and learned how to handle it; where to touch it and where to avoid. That’s a skill they have learned through their own initiative.

Rights of Enemy Combatants Essay Example for Free

Rights of Enemy Combatants Essay The September 11 2001 US bombing was followed by a US declaration of war against terrorism. The reason the US government cited for the war declaration was the intention to rid the world of all international terrorism groups that posed a formidable danger to the civilian life which is obviously innocent. True to its promise of war against terrorism, the US government has been seen to make progress. By 2003, the US government was holding about 762 terrorism suspects in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba (Stanton, 2003). The war against terrorism, according to the US government is still on and the government is not going to stop until it apprehends the capital terrorist and the head of Al- Qaeda, Osama Bin Laden. In the process of this war against terrorism, a number of tools and policies have been put in place by the US government to make the war successful. The tools at one point or another have often contradicted the very laws and regulations enshrined in the constitution of the US. One such contradiction is the concern of American Legislature of whether or not such terror suspects attract the legal rights enjoyed by the American citizens. The debate goes on. Introduction The meaning of the word Enemy Combatant is context specific. Taking the American fight against terrorism as the context, then the word may be taken to refer to an armed member belonging to an army of an enemy state with which America is at war. For instance, if America is at war with Iraq, then any member of the Iraq armed force qualifies to be called an enemy combatant (Detention of Enemy Combatants Act, 2005). It should be noted that the definition of enemy combatant has evolved over time. Prior to 2008 and according to the Geneva Conventions Article 3, an enemy combatant was described as any individual in an armed war or conflict and who attracts detention subject to the laws and customs of war (Geneva Conventions Article 3, 1949). In America today, the word enemy combatant may be taken to refer to any individual who is, allegedly, a member of the major terrorist groups; Al-Qaeda and Taliban (or member of any other group engaged in terrorism activities) who is being held or detained by the US government. Such individuals are termed as Unlawful combatants who do not in any case attract the protection of Geneva Convention entitled to War Prisoners. Therefore, enemy combatant has three definitions and we need to choose the one we will use in this paper. The last definition of enemy combatant i. e. an individual who is, allegedly, a member of the major terrorist groups of Al-Qaeda and Taliban being in custody of US authorities under the status of unlawful combatant. This paper seeks to highlight the legality of the â€Å"Unlawful Combatant† title given to these individuals by the US government. Further, the paper assesses the presence or absence of legal rights for the unlawful combatant subject to the constitution of the United States of America. Part three of the Geneva conventions defines the prisoners of war as military forces members or militia of such a force belonging to an enemy state at war with America, regular armed forces members showing allegiance to the government, Civilians supporting in non-combat roles and carries an ID issued by armed forces they owe allegiance, Inhabitants of a region uninhabited and who carry arms and reiterate on the enemies approach i. e. they follow the rules of war. Sometimes, an individual may fail to lie in any one of the specifications outlined in the Geneva Convention defining a war prisoner. In such a situation, the Geneva Convention article 3 specified further that such individuals should be treated to belong to any of the classes specified until their true status is determined by a competent tribunal. Treatment of unlawful combatants, who are supposed to be treated as war prisoners but are not, is a contentious issue in the Bush administration. The alleged suspects of Al Qaeda are supposed to be treated as war prisoners but have been called unlawful combatants, which is still within the confines of the convention. Now where the argument comes in is the closing clause in the Geneva Convention Part 3which spells out the fact that whether an individual is a lawful or unlawful combatant, he is supposed to be treated in a humane way (Geneva Conventions Article 3, 1949). The rationale behind the particular treatment of the â€Å"unlawful combatants† in Guantanamo Bay is enshrined in the Enemy Combatants Act, 2005 which has since received a considerable resistance from the judiciary and civilians alike. This 2005 Act not only managed to block the detainee’s access to lawyers and courts but also gave the government authority to play out of the dictates of the US constitution. The Act too denies the detainees the habeas corpus which is the legal feat through which detainees can ask for reprieve from illegal detention or imprisonment. The American Bar Association (ABA) is one such organization that has lifted up hands in protest against the detaining of individuals termed as unlawful combatants without giving them their right to habeas corpus. In 2003, ABA released a resolution besieging the congress to set standards to guide the detaining. They further urged the congress to allow the detainee full access to lawyers and courts in a bid to prevent netting of innocent individuals because some of the individuals held may have been found in the wrong places at the wrong times (Holland, 2008). The unlawful combatants should have access to courts and attorneys entitlement as specified by Geneva Convention Part 3 Section 5 which calls for a tribunal to determine if detainees are unlawful combatants or not. The tribunal needs to be competent. The Geneva Convention dictates are standards that should be followed internationally. In fact it is an international legal system. The Supreme Court attested to the detainee’s rights and that is why it ruled that the detainees could use U. S. courts to seek reprieve from detention (Senne, 2006). If among the detains there happens to be American citizens, such as Jose’ Padilla and Yaser Hamdi, then they have a right to an attorney, access to court and an hearing subject to American constitution. They are also entitled to a speedy trial; to determine whether or not they are guilty. They are entitled to these rights because they are American citizens. (CRS Report, 2005). The Military Trials Bill which got approval from the congress gave legislative support to the military to carry out practices unfamiliar with the Criminal Justice system of the US. The practices include prosecution, interrogation and detention denies the detainees their right of self representation (by forcing the detainees to accept lawyers from the military) and their right to a speedy trial (Smith, 2008). This infringement if detainee’s rights have also been witnessed by the Director for Human Rights, Washington Office, Tom Malinowski when he talks about how bush has managed to deny the detainees their rights. This view was affirmed by the Supreme Court when it issued an order for the 6 Algerian men who had been detained for seven years to be released. The court claimed that the detaining was illegal and it had gone against the rights of those detainees. This was seen as a setback on the US government’s war against terrorism. (Glaberson, 2008) Illegal Rights of Enemy Combatants Despite the civilians, human rights activists and some part of the judicial system maintaining that the Unlawful Enemy Combatants have legal rights that the government has only chosen to ignore, the government on its part denies this claim saying the response and treatment of detainees is within the confines of the constitution. The Enemy Combatants Act, 2005 and The Military Trials Bill set the pace for the treatment that the detained Enemy Combatants receive. The two Acts/ Bills make the treatment legal and they were passed due to anticipation by the executive that court challenges were imminent. Thus, the executive entrenched in the bills/ Acts some provisions strong enough to bar the courts interference and at the same time limit the application of international conventions that govern the treatment war prisoners or is it Enemy Combatants. These provisions also went further to bar habeas corpus leaving the detainees without any basis to seek reprieve from detention or to challenge the detention. Reacting to The Military Trials Bill, Neal Katyal, a law professor at Georgetown University said that the formation of the bill basically created two-system justice. The first justice system being the military commissions to deal with foreigners termed as Enemy Combatants and the normal or regular criminal justice system to take care of the US citizens. The emerging two systems of justice, he said, violated the14th Amendment which embraces the equal protection for all provided they are under the US jurisdiction (Austin, 2003). The fact that these detainees are called Enemy Combatants means that unlike war prisoners, they are open to detention for as long as it takes the war on terrorism without access to an attorney or any judicial intervention. The designation of Enemy Combatant traces its origin in the 1942 American Case Law where the supreme law was able to recognize the Law of War and its distinction between the War Prisoner (Lawful Combatant) and the Enemy Combatant (Unlawful Combatant). The distinction further that the Enemy Combatants were not subject to the â€Å"War prisoner† status that attracts the protection 1949 Geneva Convention pronouncements. The Enemy Combatant designation has . been used by the Supreme Court earlier in history and this has given the government precedent to use this term and treat the Enemy combatants as it does (Austin, 2003).

ISE 370 MANUFACTURING :: essays papers

ISE 370 MANUFACTURING Introduction Numerical Control (NC) is the basis for many manufacturing processes in today’s industry. NC is the operation of machine tools and other processing machines by a series of coded instructions. CNC or computer numerical control systems include a built-in computer to support the machine and process. The main objective of this project was to simulate how a CNC machine is used in industry to facilitate a process and fabricate a designed part. In this course the importance, uses, and limitations of CNC machines when applied to the industrial world have all been learned. This assignment offered the opportunity to experience and evaluate the effects of a CNC machine on a process and vice versa. This is most important in the fast paced, changing world of industry we now live in. The goals of this project were to design a part, write a code for the Fadal CNC machine, learn how to enter the code and operate the machine, and effectively fabricate the object from a block of wax. A University of Georgia â€Å"G† was to be the designed (Figure 1). The most difficult aspect of this project was determining how to make the CNC draw an ellipse. Because of this problem, the team wasn’t sure if they would be able to draw the appropriate design. There was discussion of making changes, in order to simplify the program. The adversity was met head on, however, and the original design was ultimately kept. Experiment/Method The first step after determining what was to be cut by the CNC was to design the part using a CAD program. Due to the familiarity of the team with AutoCAD, this was the program of choice to draw the â€Å"G†. It became immediately apparent upon drawing the object, that this could be a very challenging design due to the inclusion of ellipses. The CNC codes supplied as reference material included how to draw arcs, but there was no information on drawing an ellipse. The team attempted to use I and J coordinates to create an ellipse. This proved to be an incorrect approach. When the program was entered into the machine the picture drawn on the machine did not at all resemble a â€Å"G†. The team went back to the drawing board with another idea at hand. It is also possible to draw arcs using RF coordinates, which required finding radii. ISE 370 MANUFACTURING :: essays papers ISE 370 MANUFACTURING Introduction Numerical Control (NC) is the basis for many manufacturing processes in today’s industry. NC is the operation of machine tools and other processing machines by a series of coded instructions. CNC or computer numerical control systems include a built-in computer to support the machine and process. The main objective of this project was to simulate how a CNC machine is used in industry to facilitate a process and fabricate a designed part. In this course the importance, uses, and limitations of CNC machines when applied to the industrial world have all been learned. This assignment offered the opportunity to experience and evaluate the effects of a CNC machine on a process and vice versa. This is most important in the fast paced, changing world of industry we now live in. The goals of this project were to design a part, write a code for the Fadal CNC machine, learn how to enter the code and operate the machine, and effectively fabricate the object from a block of wax. A University of Georgia â€Å"G† was to be the designed (Figure 1). The most difficult aspect of this project was determining how to make the CNC draw an ellipse. Because of this problem, the team wasn’t sure if they would be able to draw the appropriate design. There was discussion of making changes, in order to simplify the program. The adversity was met head on, however, and the original design was ultimately kept. Experiment/Method The first step after determining what was to be cut by the CNC was to design the part using a CAD program. Due to the familiarity of the team with AutoCAD, this was the program of choice to draw the â€Å"G†. It became immediately apparent upon drawing the object, that this could be a very challenging design due to the inclusion of ellipses. The CNC codes supplied as reference material included how to draw arcs, but there was no information on drawing an ellipse. The team attempted to use I and J coordinates to create an ellipse. This proved to be an incorrect approach. When the program was entered into the machine the picture drawn on the machine did not at all resemble a â€Å"G†. The team went back to the drawing board with another idea at hand. It is also possible to draw arcs using RF coordinates, which required finding radii.

Barbados Essay -- Geography History Island Barbados Essays

Barbados GEOGRAPHY Barbados is the eastern most island of the Caribbean, located in the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela (13 10 N, 59 32 W). It is considered a â€Å"Coral Island† due to its vast coral shore beaches that surround the perimeter of the island. Overall, Barbados is 430 square kilometers, with 97 kilometers being coastline area. The circumference is approximately 55 miles around, and has a pear-like shape to it. Length and width wise, Barbados is 21 miles and 13 miles respectively. In Comparatively speaking, Barbados is 2.5 times the size of Washington D.C. Geologically, Barbados is actually 2 large masses of build up of coral on sedimentary rocks, that have formed the island over thousands of years. The terrain is relatively flat, but rises gently to the central highland region of the island. Along the coastline, the elevation is at it’s lowest (zero meters). Mount Hillaby is the highest peak on Barbados at 336 meters above sea level (1,147 feet). The climate in Barbados is tropical. It is often sunny, and there is about 3,000 sun hours annually. Trade winds constantly sweep across the island, keeping the temperature rather comfortable. Temperatures are very stable throughout the entire year. In January, the average high temperature is 83 °F, and the average low is 70 °. In July, the average high temperature is 86 °F, while the average low is 74 °F. Despite the constant winds, hurricanes infrequently hit Barbados. Occasional landslides are the only natural disasters that plaque the island. The west coast of Barbados is often referred to as the â€Å"Platinum Coast†. It is renowned for the clear warm waters that lap gently on the beach’s gold and white sands and massive coral reefs. The... ...p Over a Centerpiece of Barbados Culture. The Toronto Sun. p. T6 King, John. (2003, August 8). Melody: A festival to fight for, guys. Retrieved on April 13, 2004. from [www.barbadian.com]. Norton, Graham, (February 2002). Barbados: British empire in the miniature. History Today. 52 (2), 52. Retrieved March 2, 2004, from Expanded Academic Database. Parliament of Barbados. (April 30, 2004). Retrieved March, 30, 2004, from www.parliamentbarbados.gov.bb The Abbreviated History of Barbados. Retrieved March 2, 2004, from http://www.barbados.org/history1.htm U.S. Department of State. (August 2002). Background Notes: Barbados. Retrieved March 2, 2004, from http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26507.htm World Fact Book, (December 18, 2003). Barbados. Retrieved on April 13, 2004, from [http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/bb.html].

Dove Strtegies

Critiques of the Strategies and Recommendation Dove has many strategic issues which are classified as convenience goods because consumers bought this product frequently and immediately. We can set the price a bit lower down and affordable for their product. Besides, they can change another supplier to lower down cost however can keep the good quality of product otherwise lower down the cost of advertising that can affect the product price of Dove. Dove can boost up their sales by using the line extension strategy and brand extension strategy.They should develop new flavors, forms, colors, ingredients, or package sizes of Dove to attract more category of consumer. It can also keep the firm's  managers  on their toes by generating internal  competition. Dove used the psychological pricing strategy which is used to influence the consumer purchasing power. Customers respond better to certain type of prices and they are more likely to buy with certain price levels because consumer b elief that the higher price is represent the good quality of product.Dove also can give promotion like giving discount, such as buy 2 free 1 to attract the consumer that make them feel our product worth more to purchase. The next strategic issue is Dove Company using retailing as their marketing intermediary. By using retailing concept, the entire new or loyal Dove company customer can get the Dove company product more easily in the market. Most of the producers including Dove sell the products and services directly to final consumers via a sales staff to retail outlets.The sales staff will promote the new products or give the sample to the retailers to make the retailers know more about their products. The suggested strategy for Dove is to strengthen its differentiation advantages by innovating its differentiation strategy. With this strategy, existing organizational resources and necessary means can be influenced to develop clear differentiation strategy. Other than that, Doveâ₠¬â„¢s think about provide low cost high profits and keep customer to compete with other competitors to be a key differentiation.Furthermore, Dove’s refresh its marketing hard work to aim the whole markets. Dove Company can introduce a range of shampoo that targets male users as Dove currently caters only for female customers. On the other hand, Dove could possibly create new breakthrough in the hair care line. Perhaps a shampoo that could reduce the greying of hair. Like all other hair care company, Dove could also branch out from their current product line such as providing hair styling mousses, wax, hair dying colours and even body care products like feminine wash.

24 Words Worth Borrowing From Other Languages

24 Words Worth Borrowing From Other Languages A few decades ago, Harold Rheingold set out to find words and phrases that, he says, may help us notice the cracks between our own worldview and those of others. According to Rheingold, Finding a name for something is a way of conjuring its existence. Its a way of making it possible for people to see a pattern where they didnt see anything before. He illustrates this thesis (a version of the controversial Sapir-Whorf hypothesis) in his book They Have a Word for It: A Lighthearted Lexicon of Untranslatable Words and Phrases (reprinted in 2000 by Sarabande Books). Drawing on more than 40 languages, Rheingold examined 150 interesting untranslatable words to borrow in order to help us notice the cracks between our own worldview and those of others. Here are 24 of Rheingolds imported words. Several of them (linked to entries in the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary) have already begun migrating into English. Though its unlikely that all these words will add a new dimension to our lives, at least one or two should provoke a smile of recognition. attaccabottoni (Italian noun): a sad person who buttonholes people and tells long, pointless stories of misfortune (literally, a person who attacks your buttons).berrieh (Yiddish noun): an extraordinarily energetic and talented woman.cavoli riscaldati (Italian noun): an attempt to revive an old relationship (literally, reheated cabbage).Ã ©pater le bourgeois (French verb phrase): to deliberately shock people who have conventional values.farpotshket (Yiddish adjective): slang for something that is all fouled up, especially as the result of an attempt to fix it.fisselig (German adjective): flustered to the point of incompetence as a result of another persons supervision or nagging.fucha (Polish verb): to use company time and resources for your own end.haragei (Japanese noun): visceral, indirect, largely nonverbal communication (literally, belly performance).insaf (Indonesian adjective): socially and politically conscious.lagniappe (Louisiana French noun, from American Spanish): an ext ra or unexpected gift or benefit. lao (Chinese adjective): a respectful term of address for an older person.maya (Sanskrit noun): the mistaken belief that a symbol is the same as the reality it represents.mbuki-mvuki (Bantu verb): to shuck off clothes in order to dance.mokita (Kivila language of Papua New Guinea, noun): the truths of certain social situations that everybody knows but nobody talks about.ostranenie (Russian verb): make an audience see common things in an unfamiliar or strange way in order to enhance perception of the familiar.potlatch (Haida noun): the ceremonial act of gaining social respect by giving away wealth.sabsung (Thai verb): to slake an emotional or spiritual thirst; to be revitalized.schadenfreude (German noun): the pleasure that one feels as a result of someone elses misfortune.shibui (Japanese adjective): simple, subtle, and unobtrusive beauty.talanoa (Hindi noun): idle talk as a social adhesive. (See phatic communication.)tirare la carretta (Italian verb): to slog through dull and tedious everyday chores (literally, to pull the little cart). tsuris (Yiddish noun): grief and trouble, especially the kind that only a son or daughter can give.uff da (Norwegian exclamation): expression of sympathy, annoyance, or mild disappointment.weltschmerz (German noun): a gloomy, romanticized, world-weary sadness (literally world-grief).

War of the Roses essays

War of the Roses essays The War of the Roses was a war for the thrown of England. When Edward III died in 1377, he left no direct heir to the throne of England. It was decided that his son, Edward III's grandson, should inherit the throne. However Henry, Duke of Lancaster opposed of this, and died in the vain as his life was spent in pursuit of the kingdom. The single most probable event that was responsible for the starting of the War of the Roses was when in 1399, Henry Bolingbroke seized the throne from Edward's grandson Richard II and declared himself King Henry IV. Even though Henry IV was not the best and most ideal King, his son Henry V inherited the kingdom and proved to be a great King. A few months after being crowned, Henry once more regained the throne. He held it for only a few months and then Edward captured Henry and seized power for himself again. After Henry V died he left his two sons, Richard and Edward, to the care of their uncle Richard. However the two boys were murdered and Richard (the uncle) pronounced himself King. However there was another who claimed the thrown. Henry Tudor rose to the occasion and laid claim on the thrown of England. On August 22nd, 1485, Richard and Henry met at Bosworth. By the end of the day, Henry was crowned King of England, and Richard was dead. Henrys only opposition was a few Lords and Nobels, these men were either in support of Henry or dead by1490. By Henrys marriage of the last of the Yorkist line, Joan of Brittany in 1403, the War of the Roses could be defined as over. ...

Read Your Writings †for a Fee!

Read Your Writings – for a Fee! As writers, we get a buzz from knowing people are reading our work. But have you ever thought of reading it out loud, to an audience? Neither did I until recently. Now it’s a regular sideline gig. If you write on a specialist subject, why not talk about it, too? Or talk about being a writer! It’s a pretty offbeat career that would interest many. If you write comedy, give those sketches a whirl. In my case, I had a drawer  full of rhymes about the flip-side of gardening and modern life, so I shaped them into 60-minute presentations for gardening and over-50s clubs. The social aspect of the work provides an antidote to the laptop, and you can control bookings to suit your time – and bank account. It’s potentially lucrative, depending on factors such as advertising levels, travel and topic flexibility, and caliber of events you’re comfortable speaking at. I choose to keep bookings occasional and low-key, with earnings correspondingly reasonable rather than great. But if you’re confident you can keep a large, high society audience gripped for 45 minutes or more! Some hosts will pay handsomely for a polished, spellbinding talk. Whatever the venue, it’ll offer a platform for your books. Rich market Online searches will reveal innumerable societies, many engaging speakers for meetings. Here are some examples, but bear in mind that opportunities vary: Sports, especially mainstream Personal interests (e.g. gardening, bee-keeping, wine-making, family/local history, books) Age-related groups (e.g. 50s/60s; grandparents, war veterans) Social groups (e.g. singles, single parents, women’s) Charities (for fundraising events) Businesses/professional groups – for training or social events. Finding markets   Society websites: some societies have their own websites, with handy information such as usual topics, timings, audience numbers and contact details. Society affiliation websites: in some cases, you have to visit the society’s regional or national affiliation website and comb its listings for your local group. Follow these links to sample affiliations, and spot their speaker/talk references: 1.   The Royal Horticultural Society (speakers’ register page): https://www.rhs.org.uk/communities/pdf/aff-socs/speakers-and-judges-registers/total-speakers-register 2.   Scubaboard.com, USA: scubaboard.com/forums/new-england/491173-club-speakers-ct-club.html  Ã‚  Scroll down to second item: Club speakers 3. Federation of Family History Societies, USA: ffhs.org.uk/members2/overseas/usa.php The first society on their list mentions a meeting with a speaker on their website: rootsweb.ancestry.com/~bifhsusa/ The first one links to the speakers’ register of the UK’s leading gardeners’ organisation, to which I added my name (free) with positive results. If you have trouble finding a group, try a related website such as that of your local community, tourist information centre or charitable organisation, for group or event listings. Here’s an example produced A brief deeper delve using the search term talks took me to upcoming events:  bostonhistory.org/?s=oshp=calendar Some clubs may only supply a telephone number: no matter! A human voice may kindle interest in your speech offer. Also look up speaker agencies. See what opportunities they offer, and browse their client profiles for inspiration.   I picked US examples .randomly: 1.   APB Speakers International: apbspeakers.com/;   2.   The Speaker Agency, California: thespeakeragency.com/; 3.   Washington Speakers Bureau (for businesses): washingtonspeakers.com/ 4.   Great Garden Speakers: http://greatgardenspeakers.com/   How much to charge?   Before setting my fee, I checked other speakers’ rates via agency websites and enquiries to local groups. The range is huge, but to me, audience response is as important as check size; besides, a happy group will refer you to others. My audiences are courteous, attentive, and prompt to pay. So, what’s stopping you?

Introduction to Statistics and Econometrics Essay - 1

Introduction to Statistics and Econometrics - Essay Example In a study reported by CNN, several researchers undertook a study on the social networks of teenagers. The study found that dating teenagers is likely to be exposed to mixed-gender peer groups. Borrowing from this study, the article by MacMillan then claims that the drinking patterns of the 2nd degree friends was the strongest influence on the drinking behavior. According to the article, these 2nd degree friends came along with the peer group. It is through these assumptions that the article asserts that: Dating spreads drinking in teens! The assumption made by this article is a clear representation of a misguided assumption of causality. Instead of concluding that dating spread drinking in teens, the writer of the article should have argued that the strongest association of teenager drinking behavior occurred with that of the 2nd degree friends. This is because the measurements of the variables were taken based on friend and self-reports. It is therefore scientifically inappropriate to conclude that the 2nd degree friends increased the drinking habits in teens. Some other factors can also play roles in increasing the drinking habits. To test a possible causality between drinking habits in teens and 2nd degree friends; Convergent cross mapping as a statistical tool should be

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Report - Essay Example As owner, I must procure a good flatbed scanner that can meet the demands of my business. Initially, there are brands that we can choose from, namely : CanoScan 8800F, Epson Perfection V500 and HP ScanJet 8270.These models are competitive and their brand name suggests quality and reliability. However, the company needs only to fulfill some basic requirements in choosing a flatbed scanner. Some of the main requirements for buying a scanner are the following: All of the scanners have no warm up time which means faster scanning. The three scanners also have same connectivity ( USB 2.0 ) and minimum48 bit color . Among the group, the Epson Perfection has the best scan resolution although the HP ScanJet 8270 has the fastest scan speed. However, price is also a consideration in any organization since it translates to cost. Among the three products, the one that I would highly recommend is the Epson Perfection V500 for three good reasons: affordability, quality and speed. The Comparison Index has shown the specifications of the scanners and the Epson can meet the requirements of the company. Although the maximum size is limited to 11.4, there is still possibility for enlargements. It is not as fast as the HP ScanJet 8270 but it can deliver quality and fast scan that is crucial to the operations. In addition to this, the Epson Perfection V500 was chosen by PC magazine as â€Å"Top Pick for Black Friday† in 2007. According to Stone’s review ( 2007): Like almost any flatbed scanner, the V500 can handle all-purpose scanning, but its focused on photos. This makes it most appropriate for anyone (short of a professional photographer) who needs to scan a backlog of prints and film (including slides) to digital format. ( pcmag.com, 2007) Thus, aside from the technical specifications, the reviews about this product can guarantee us that users are satisfied with its

Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services Assignment

Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services - Assignment Example The body is also responsible for upholding the activities of ‘Maryland’s Criminal Justice Information Repository’, ‘Criminal Injuries Compensation Board’ and the ‘Maryland Police and Correctional Training Commissions’ along with many other criminal related functions. The human resources play a considerable role in the operational procedure of this agency as well. The main mission of the body is to protect the public, its employees and control offenders under its supervision. The main vision of the legal body is to establish itself as the most recognized body in the nation which believes that their employees are the biggest strength and can stop any form of illegal activities. The leadership quality of DPSCS is well known all over the state for maintaining a strict form of leadership quality which helps in maintaining law and order in the country. Within the periphery of DPSCS, The Maryland Public Safety Education and Training Center (MPSE TC) is located in Sykesville in Maryland. It functions beneath the Maryland Police and Correctional Training Commissions which is a division of DPSCS (Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services, n.d.). ... It is a general overview of the operational and the basic safety measure of firearms, as applicable for the purchase, rental or transfer of regulated firearms. It does not allow students to pursue this training course as the law does not permit it. The institute includes staff office, class room for training the applicant, an armory for storing the firearms used during the training, weapon cleaning areas with solvent storage and a computerized shooting stimulation station. Though the institute provides no indoor range for practice however the FTF building consists of 4 pistols and one riffle range all with self-contained bullet traps (Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services, n.d.). Drivers Training Facility (DTF): Another facility provided by the DPSCS is the facility of training drivers. The facility mainly deals in training new drivers the different rules and regulations which should be considered while driving. The institute is co-located and approximately 2 miles from the academic related institute of the agency. The institute consists of training vehicles, classrooms, fuel, automobile supplies and a DTF repair garage. The enrollment procedure for drivers training can be done online in the official website of DPSCS (Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services, n.d.). Academic and Administrative Complex (AAC): Academic and Administrative complex controls all the administrative and most academic and training centers in this complex. The Public Safety Education and Training Center is located in the ground of Maryland Springfield State Hospital. The main aim of this department is to improve local infrastructure along with reducing the expenditure by establishing legal bodies such as Police

Separation of Complex Cations of Chromium(III) by Ion Exchange Essay

Separation of Complex Cations of Chromium(III) by Ion Exchange Chromatography - Essay Example Water soluble compounds of Chromium III do not occur naturally and are unstable in the environment (Nriagu & Nieboer, 1988 p68). Different oxides of chromium oxide are also used as pigments. Cation exchange chromatography can be used to separate different chromium III complexes into their pure forms. The most common complexes are chromium III and IV which exist at different ionisation states. Chromium III is a cation and IV is an anion. Chromium VI is toxic to humans (Vincent, 2011 p101). The separation of these complexes is based on their different ionisation states which are the principles behind ion exchange chromatography. The use of UV-Vis as analytical tools is essential in determining the value of 10q of elements. The coupled use of these diagrams and spectroscopic information enables someone to correctly calculate the electromagnetic absorption of metal compounds and how the crystal fields split energy or 10Dq (Kettle, 2008 p69). 3. Chromium solutions are then prepared that will be used throughout the experiment. At this stage, progress should immediately be made towards separation of trans-‑[CrCl2(H2O)4]+, [CrCl(H2O)5]2+ and [Cr(H2O)6]3+ after which their spectrums are measured between wavelengths 350 nm and 750 nm immediately after their collection (Beran, 2010 p200). 4. The final step involves the estimation of relative crystal field strength for Cl- and H2O. Two bands are observed in the region of 350nm and 750nm with the longest wavelength band having energy equal to 10Dq or the octahedral Crystal field splitting energy for the complex ion. Chromium III compounds have bands that are easy to interpret and they exist either in an excited state which has higher energy than the ground state which has less energy but more stable. The values of 10Dq are shown to decrease with the increasing charge of a neighbouring anion and the decreasing number of coordinating anions (Crabtree, 2011

Ansoff Matrix for the Most Renowned Shipping Company in the World Case Study

Ansoff Matrix for the Most Renowned Shipping Company in the World - Case Study Example Various experts have provided different definitions of strategy and strategic management. Firstly, Alfred D. Chandler and   according to him â€Å"Strategy is the determination of the basic long term goals and objectives of an enterprise and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out these goals.†Ã‚  Secondly, Ansoff and McDonnell have defined strategic management as â€Å"A systematic approach for managing strategic change which consists of the positioning of the firm through strategy and capability planning and real-time strategic response through issue management.† (Cole, 2003) Strategic management is very important to identify various options that can be used as effective strategy in the process of achieving overall business objectives. There are several tools and models that are used by business organizations in order to identify various strategic options. This report deals with the identification of potential str ategic options in the context of Norden, in order to find out these options a strategic tool such as Ansoff matrix critical analysis and implementation of a theory is used. Moreover, a recommendation which is regarding the technology-driven change in the business of the organization includes the possibilities of such strategic changes driven by new technology.Dampskibsselskabet Norden, one of the oldest shipping companies in the world, was established in the year 1871. It is an independent shipping company that has its presence in different parts of the world. The company headquarter is located in Denmark. Apart from Denmark, Norden has its offices in Shanghai, Singapore, Annapolis, Mumbai, and Rio de Janeiro. The company mainly deals with tankers and dry cargo and is one of the largest organizations in the dry cargo industry. Moreover, it is one of the biggest operators of Panamax and Handymax bulk carriers. Recently the company has entered the segment of Post-Panamax. In addition to dry cargo, the company is present in the tanker segment and has almost 36 tanker vessels (DS- Norden, n.d.). There are three business departments of the operational activities of Norden which are tanker department, dry cargo, and technical department. Technical department operations are in the technical management of crewing, fleet, inspections and purchase, safety and environment.

Separation of Complex Cations of Chromium(III) by Ion Exchange Essay

Separation of Complex Cations of Chromium(III) by Ion Exchange Chromatography - Essay Example Water soluble compounds of Chromium III do not occur naturally and are unstable in the environment (Nriagu & Nieboer, 1988 p68). Different oxides of chromium oxide are also used as pigments. Cation exchange chromatography can be used to separate different chromium III complexes into their pure forms. The most common complexes are chromium III and IV which exist at different ionisation states. Chromium III is a cation and IV is an anion. Chromium VI is toxic to humans (Vincent, 2011 p101). The separation of these complexes is based on their different ionisation states which are the principles behind ion exchange chromatography. The use of UV-Vis as analytical tools is essential in determining the value of 10q of elements. The coupled use of these diagrams and spectroscopic information enables someone to correctly calculate the electromagnetic absorption of metal compounds and how the crystal fields split energy or 10Dq (Kettle, 2008 p69). 3. Chromium solutions are then prepared that will be used throughout the experiment. At this stage, progress should immediately be made towards separation of trans-‑[CrCl2(H2O)4]+, [CrCl(H2O)5]2+ and [Cr(H2O)6]3+ after which their spectrums are measured between wavelengths 350 nm and 750 nm immediately after their collection (Beran, 2010 p200). 4. The final step involves the estimation of relative crystal field strength for Cl- and H2O. Two bands are observed in the region of 350nm and 750nm with the longest wavelength band having energy equal to 10Dq or the octahedral Crystal field splitting energy for the complex ion. Chromium III compounds have bands that are easy to interpret and they exist either in an excited state which has higher energy than the ground state which has less energy but more stable. The values of 10Dq are shown to decrease with the increasing charge of a neighbouring anion and the decreasing number of coordinating anions (Crabtree, 2011

The Interrelationships between Languages and Cultures with Reference Essay

The Interrelationships between Languages and Cultures with Reference to Theory and Policy - Essay Example Visual images such as the pictures in the flashcards also bring life experience and background knowledge to what is being viewed. Nowadays, using flashcards to teach language is not recommended because research shows that actual experience with real objects and activities promote language learning better. However, in my time, my mother did not know any better, but I believe it worked for me. In my time, the English language was formally introduced to Chinese children in the intermediate grades. It was taught with a phonetic approach of learning the alphabet first, its symbol and sound and eventually, its grammar. I felt not much connection to the English language at that time. It was only taught by rote but not practiced enough for verbal expression. Besides, it is a far cry from how young children learn language today, with hands-on, interesting and engaging activities. If in my time, it was taught that way, then, I believe I would have learned the English language better and at a f aster rate. Bishop-Glynn (1999) cites the study of Wong-Filmore (1991) which finds that language differences between the home and school depends on the dominant language used. The language dominant in the wider society is usually maintained. In my case, Chinese language prevailed over English in our society, so English did not create a strong impression on me then. Still, Baker (2006) contends that evidence supports that there are cognitive and performance advantages in being bilingual over being monolingual. Cummins (1986) mentioned the BICS or the Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills and the CALP or the Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency as two tools in second language learning. Baker (2006) explained that students engage in BICS when they communicate with contextual supports and props such as face-to face â€Å"context embedded† situations where they read the other person’s non-verbal gestures, hand movements and sounds to support verbal communication. On t he other hand, CALP happens in â€Å"context reduced† situations requiring higher order thinking skills such as analysis, synthesis or evaluation. This is usually encountered in more academic learning and communication where language is â€Å"disembedded† (Baker, 2006). On hindsight, I realize that while I was learning English, I was experiencing BICS and CALP as my classmates and I struggled to teach each other how to communicate in a foreign language not only with our speech but also our bodies. In school, we were taught the more formal Chinese language, Mandarin. However, at home, I spoke our dialect. So at that particular time in my life, I was speaking 3 languages! It reflected the culture I belonged to because we were a traditional Chinese family trying to adjust to modern changes and language is one aspect of the progress we were heading to. Makin, Campbell & Diaz (1995) discussed additive and subtractive bilingualism. One issue in second language acquisition is its effect on the first language of the individual. The immense concentration necessary to learn a second language may create a negative impact on the first language. This is known as Subtractive bilingualism. When a child becomes fluent in a second language due to immersion in that language, there is a strong tendency to forget the first language, causing disruptions in communication with family members who only know the first language. That was not the case with me since I continued speaking Chinese at home. There was no risk of

Argument in Encounters with the Archdruid Essay Example for Free

Argument in Encounters with the Archdruid Essay In the third section of John McPhees Encounters with the Archdruid, the author observes the discourse between conservationist David Brower and Commissioner of the Bureau of Reclamation, Floyd Dominy, on the merits of dams in the southwestern United States. Brower hates all dams, large and small, while Dominy sees dams as essential to our civilization. The Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Powell, which Dominy created, are the main issue of debate between the two men. Floyd Dominy graduated from the University of Wyoming in 1932 and, after an unsuccessful stint as a teacher, became a county agricultural agent for the federal government in Wyomings Gillette County. This was the time of the Great Depression and also a great drought in the American Midwest, which quickly garnered the name of the dust bowl. Frustrated by the lack of water available to farmers in his county, Dominy orchestrated the building of many dams in Gillette County, providing water to thirsty farmers and their livestock. Rewarded with a job in the Bureau of Reclamation for his efforts, Dominy became the Bureaus director in 1959 and oversaw the construction of Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River. Completed in 1962, the 710 foot tall dam built out of 4.9 million cubic yards of concrete has a reservoir (Lake Powell) that has a maximum capacity of 27 million acre-feet and is the one of the largest reservoirs in the world. Lake Powell has become a popular water recreation site and provides homes with about 1 million kilowatts of hydroelectric power and 8.23 million acre-feet of water and irrigation per year. Dominy views the dam as a great asset, both to provide utilities and to provide recreation Now people can fish, swim, water-ski, sun-bathe. Cant you imagine going there with your family for a weekend, getting away from everybody? But Mr. Brower says we destroyed it. (174) David Brower was born in 1912 in Berkeley Hills, California. When he was young his father used to take him to the Sierra, where Brower found his love for nature. After leaving his study of entomology at UC-Berkeley, Brower left for the Sierra, and became a world-class mountaineer, conquering over seventy mountain peaks. John McPhee even mused that if he were to be set  down at night anywhere in the Sierra Nevada, with the coming morning he would know just where he is. After serving as a decorated platoon leader in World War II, Brower started his work with the Sierra Club, becoming the first executive director of the club in 1952. Over this remarkable period until his dismissal in 1969, Brower would become the worlds foremost naturalist and environmental conservationist. The flooding of Glen Canyon was very personal to Brower, and his failure to stop the dams construction haunted him for the rest his life. He referred to it as Americas most regretted environmental mistake, and the greatest failure of his life. (163) In 1952, the Echo Park and Split Mountain Dams were proposed, which threatened the Green and Yampa Rivers and Dinosaur National Monument. Brower led the Sierra Club into action. Successfully, under his leadership, the Sierra Club defeated the Bureau of Reclamation hands down. But the victory at Dinosaur Monument was tempered by the Sierra Clubs offer of support for a dam downstream at Glen Canyon a higher dam, in fact, than one proposed earlier by the Bureau of Reclamation. Brower spoke in favor of a high dam at Glen Canyon, a speech he came to regret until the very end. While his supporters urged him not to blame himself, he repeatedly reminded whoever would listen that he could have done more to stop it. He believed that the fact he da m existed was his fault. He felt that he was not adequately prepared for his own mission, and if he had been, the dam would not have been built. Brower referred to Glen Canyon as the place no one knew. Before the construction of the dam and the creation of Lake Powell, Glen Canyon was one of the remotest places in the United States. Few people ever set foot in the Canyon, and after the construction of the dam, no one else would ever see it. Brower viewed nature as a sacred place, a place that must be earned. He hated the idea of people developing wilderness areas. He felt that cities should have strict boundaries, and people should stay there. Brower and Dominy have conflicting views in this situation. Brower is disgusted by the development around Lake Powell and the destruction of the wilderness that is now beneath it. Lake Powell is a drag strip for power boats. Its for people who wont do things except the easy way. The magic of Glen Canyon is  dead. It has been vulgarized. (240) Dominy, on the other hand, is proud that he has created such a beautiful lake and has made it accessible to the masses. Dominy is tired of trying to satisfy a noisy minority while trying to bring water, power, and recreation to the people. Im a greater conservationist that you are, by far. I do things. I make things available to man. Unregulated, the Colorado River wouldnt be worth a good God damn to anybodyDo you want to keep this country the way it is for a handful of people? (240) Beside these arguments, there is also a more quantitative side to the debate. The ecological detriments of the Glen Canyon Dam have been well-documented. Extensive changes were brought about in the Colorado River ecosystem by the construction of the Glen Canyon Dam. Most of these alterations negatively affected the functioning of the system and the native aquatic species of the river. The reduced supply and transport of sediment is the primary factor responsible for the degradation of the post-dam Glen Canyon ecosystem. When the dam was completed, and the flow of the Colorado River was stifled, sediment traveling along with the river was blocked by the dam and began to build up in the Lake Powell reservoir. Due to the sediment-free water flowing evenly out of the dam and the associated extreme drop in water temperature, many species of fish, amphibians, and insects which use sediments for habitats, spawning ground, and protection, have been put at great risk. Another problem arising from the dam is silt aggradation. Aggradation is the accumulation of sediment where the river flow slows as it approaches Lake Powell. Aggraded sediment deposits accumulate upstream, eventually piling up hundreds of feet above the current reservoir level. Huge sediment deposits have already filled some of the upper sections of the reservoir. Under current hydrological conditions, enough sediment flows into Lake Powell to potentially fill it up to the river outlet valve level within 100 years. When silt reaches these safety valves, the dam will become unsafe and need to be decommissioned. Since the completion of the Glen Canyon Dam in 1963, enormous amounts of sediment have been steadily accumulating behind the dam.  While the impacts of sedimentation werent understood prior to the construction of the dam, significant problems have emerged with the relentless buildup of sediment behind Glen Canyon Dam. Economically, on the other hand, the Glen Canyon Dam has provided many benefits since its 1963 completion. It has provided water supply and power for much of the southwestern United States, and parts of Mexico. The Glen Canyon Dam is part of the Colorado River Storage Project, implemented mainly to supply power to Native American reservations, Rural Electric Co-ops, government facilities, and municipalities. The Glen Canyon Dam supplies 75-85% of the power generation for this project. 85% of the dams water goes to irrigation projects. With the input of irrigation, the arid regions of these states have become fertile agricultural lands. Because of the high productivity of these areas, many customers in the United States are provided with fruits and vegetables year-round. Lake Powell has also provided many economic benefits. It is one of the most popular tourist sites in the southwest, bringing in about 4 million tourists and $2.5 million each year. The Glen Canyon Dam issue is a complicated one. Do the benefits of electricity and water outweigh the ecological detriments? Is there any other option besides building a dam to provide these utilities? It is difficult to find unbiased information weighing these issues fairly. In addition there are the more metaphysical, moral issues surrounding dams. Is it right to impose ourselves upon nature is such a way? Are we really harming our future with short-sighted projects like the Glen Canyon Dam? The question is one of the true nature of progress and the advancement of civilization. Is the Earth meant to be subdued by man or to be preserved in a constant search for paradise? The ultimate goal, I suppose, is to find a way to make advance and enrich our lives without detriment to our environment.

Shift from keynesianism to neoliberalism

Shift from keynesianism to neoliberalism How has the paradigmatic shift from Keynesianism to Neoliberalism impacted on modern society? The shift from Keynesianism to Neoliberalism represented a change from a social democratic mixed economy to a fundamentalist market-first approach. This essay will firstly outline what Neoliberalism means and some of its arguments in opposition to Keynesianism. It will then go on to show how privatisation has been ineffective in achieving Neoliberals intended aims. Thirdly it will examine the falsities of trickle down theory; and finally it will explain the negative effects of Neoliberal globalisation. I conclude that the overall impact of Neoliberalism has been negative. Neoliberalism as a philosophy is based around the principles of individualism, freedom of choice, market security, laissez faire, and minimal Government. These values provide a theoretical grounding for their challenge to Keynesian welfarism; which sought to achieve an extensive welfare state and full employment. Neoliberals claim that the free market, with minimal government interference, would provide the most efficient and socially optimal allocation of resources. They therefore advocate the privatisation and deregulation of public services as a way of removing inefficiencies through promoting competition. Cuts in public expenditure and taxation also minimise interferences in the market. For this reason they also seek to curb the powers of trade unions and hold down wages. They embrace the inequality these policies inevitably create; the theoretical justification being that higher incomes for the rich and higher profits will lead to more investment, indirectly creating jobs and im proving welfare for everyone this is known as a trickle down effect. These values of minimal interference translate on an international level to support for free trade in goods and services, free circulation of capital, and free investment; Neoliberals maintain that globalisation therefore is beneficial to everyone. Keynes on the other hand saw national-level expansion as the route to prosperity (Dumenil and Levy, 2005, p. 24; George, 1999, pp. N/A; Larner, 2000, pp. 5-25; Neale, 2008, p. 125; Robbins cited in Shah, 2009, pp. N/A; Tabb, 1999, pp. 138-143). Privatisation of public services has not increased efficiency as Neoliberals claimed it would, but has in fact done the opposite. This is because public services tend to be natural monopolies, when the minimum size to guarantee maximum economic efficiency [through economies of scale] is equal to the actual size of the market. This efficiency means the provision of the highest quality service at the lowest cost to the consumer. When such industries are privatised, they remain monopolies, only not ones controlled by accountable governments. The new owners therefore impose high prices on the public while cutting corners on the services provided (George, 1999, pp. N/A). This means also that there has been a massive transfer of wealth from public to private hands. In 1984 public companies contributed 7 billion pounds to the treasury, but now that money is going to the financial institutions and large investors that own the vast majority of the shares in privatised companies (George, 1999, pp. N/A). Neoliberalism has also been proven wrong in that the trickle down effect has failed to materialise. Thatchers break up of the trade unions, which meant workers had less power to bargain for higher wages, alongside her tax reforms, which involved massive tax cuts for the rich, had the desired effect of moving money up the economic ladder (George, 1999, pp. N/A). Yet this did not translate into improved general welfare and higher levels of employment as had been predicted, but in fact to the extension over time of slow growth and unemployment (Dumenil and Levy, 2005, p. 18). This resulted in the number of people living in poverty increasing dramatically, from one person in ten prior to her administration to one in four by the end of the Major years. Similarly in the USA, from the beginning to the end of Reagans terms in office, the income of the poorest ten percent of Americans decreased by 15% (George, 1999, pp. N/A). This can be explained by Keynes, who counters the idea that lowerin g wages leads to greater employment by encouraging employers to hire more workers. He contends that although lower wages for a few might have this effect, if this were generalised, it would reduce the purchasing power of the earners who are also customers, leading to a lower aggregate demand for goods and services, and thus a fall in the level of production and employment (Keynes cited in Tabb, 1999, p. 143). The transfer of wealth up the economic ladder via any means, to those who already have most of the things they need, does not result in increased local or national consumption and thus growth, but to speculation on international stock markets (George, 1999, pp. N/A). The freedom of investment and capital movement associated with Neoliberal globalisation, has been disastrous. It has systematically undermined democratic control over economic, as well as other issues. Governments in the modern globalised era rely on attracting Foreign Direct Investment for economic growth, and so in the name of international competitiveness they are forced to abandon their commitments to inclusive welfare systems and full employment, replacing them with an emphasis on economic efficiency. Governments must also abandon other barriers to profitability, which include democratically decided social and environmental regulations. The ever-present threat of capital relocation has led to a race to the bottom in wages and working standards among third world nations, as they desperately attempt to lure investment (Larner, 2000, pp. 5-25; Woodin and Lucas, 2004, pp. 9-48). In conclusion, this essay has exposed the theoretical underpinnings of Neoliberalism as false by highlighting its effects since its first implementation in the 1980s. The idea that the unfettered market would lead to improved social welfare through trickle down is clearly wrong, as the increased levels of poverty and unemployment clearly demonstrate. Also, the hope that privatisation would improve the efficiency of public services was misplaced, due to their position as natural monopolies. Furthermore, on an international level, Neoliberal policies have stifled democracy. The transition away from Keynesianism therefore has had negative effects overall on society. Dumenil, G. and Levy, D. (2005) Costs and Benefits of Neoliberalism: A Class Analysis In Epstein, G. A. (ed.) Financialization and the World Economy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 17-45 George, S. (1999), A Short History of Neoliberalism [online]. http://www.tni.org/es/node/66533 [Accessed 21/03/2010] Larner, W. (2000) Neo-liberalism: policy, ideology, governmentality. Studies in political economy, Vol. 63: 5-25 Neale, J. (2008) Stop Global Warming: Change the World. London: Bookmarks Publications. p. 125 Shah, A. (2009) A Primer on Neoliberalism. Global Issues [online]. http://www.globalissues.org/article/39/a-primer-on-neoliberalism [Accessed: 21/03/2010] Tabb, W. K. (1999) Restructuring Political Economy. London: Routledge. pp. 132-153 Woodin, M. and Lucas, C. (2004) Green Alternatives to Globalisation: A Manifesto. London: Pluto Press. pp. 3-63

Essay on Personal Freedom Song of Solomon -- Song Solomon essays

Search for Personal Freedom Song of Solomon      Ã‚  Ã‚   Personal freedom is the ability to ignore societal and familial influences to find the true sense of self. Individuals are truly liberated when they are physically, mentally, and spiritually free. The search for personal freedom is exemplified in Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison. The main protagonist, Milkman achieves personal freedom through attainment of knowledge, by confronting his family, and by overcoming the prejudices of society.    Knowledge is a primary factor in the attainment of personal freedom. This includes not only scholarly education but also awareness of historical heritage and familial legacy. The fact that African-Americans were held in human bondage cannot be forgotten; it has to be remembered and passed on through rememory. Moreover, literacy gives minority cultures a voice to reach out to others with encouragement and hope.    Milkman has a high school education which he took for granted. For Milkman to achieve personal freedom, he needs to search for his ancestral roots. Milkman's father, Macon Dead, Jr., denies Milkman his rememories because Macon assumes that achieving the American Dream means erasing his past. However, as stated above, Morrison believes Milkman has to remember; he has to know his past in order to know his self. His father taught him that Athe one important thing you'll ever need to know: Own things. And let the things you own own other things. Then you'll own yourself and other people too@ (Morrison 55). Macon falsely leads Milkman to believe that "You'll be free. Money is freedom Macon. The only real freedom there is" (163). Milkman buys into his father's fallacy as he too frantically searches for the gold that will s... ... personal freedom is not an easy one, but we must persevere. Milkman's realization of his personal freedom came as his life ended. We must all remember the old Chinese proverb "The longest journey begins with a single step".    WORKS CITED Carmean, Karen, Toni Morrison's World of Fiction, Troy: The Whitston Publishing Company, 1993. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: Plume, Peach, Norman. Modern Novelists Toni Morrison. Ed. Norman Page. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995. Storhoff, Gary. "'Anaconda Love': Parental Enmeshment in Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon." Style 31 No. 2 (Summer 1997). 290-309. September 18, 2001 <http.//p26688.cl.uh.edu:2071/cgi-bin/web>. Willbern, David. "Reading After Freud." Ed. G. Douglas Atkins and Laura Morrow. Contemporary Literary Theory. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1989. 158-179.

Mother Tongue †Based Multilingual Education

With all the students having a difficulty in coping with their lessons, Mother tongue-based multilingual education may be helpful or not in solving this problem.OUTLINEI. Introduction II. Purpose of Mother Tongue-based Education A. Reasons why the Mother Tongue should be used in primary schools B.Points and ideas about Mother Tongue-based Education III. Target learners of Mother Tongue-based Education IV. Effects of Mother Tongue-based education to students A. Advantages B. Disadvantages V. ConclusionI.INTRODUCTIONOne of the changes in the basic curriculum of education brought about by the new K + 12 program is the introduction of Mother Tongue – based Multilingual Education. It will be implemented specifically to kindergarten, grades 1, 2 and 3. Mother Tongue refers to â€Å"first-language-first† education that is, schooling which begins in the mother tongue and transitions to additional languages particularly Filipino and English. It is meant to address the high funct ional illiteracy of Filipinos where language plays a significant factor. Since the child’s own language enables her/ him to express him/herself easily, then, there is no fear of making mistakes.It encourages active participation by children in the learning process because they understand what is being discussed and what is being asked of them. They can immediately use their mother tongue to construct and explain their world, articulate their thoughts and add new concepts to what they already know. With the demand of a high quality education today, this research paper therefore aims to attain the following objectives: 1.To discuss the purpose of Mother-tongue based multilingual education (MTB-MLE) 2.To state the nature and effects of Mother tongue  3.To tackle as a form of comparing the advantage and disadvantages of  MTB-MLE. 4.To prove why Mother Tongue is a helpful or not in solving the problem with students having a difficulty in coping with their lessons.II.PURPOSE OF MOTHER TONGUE-BASED EDUCATIONA.Reasons why the Mother Tongue should be used in primary schoolsThere are many reasons why it is so important to support the continued learning of the home language or mother tongue. As Clarke (2009) puts it: A strong first language supports the development of a positive self-concept, helps to strengthen the existing relationships within the family and provides the opportunity to continue cognitive development while learning other languages as a second language.In supporting the first language it is needed: respecting and supporting the home language, planning base on the development of knowledge of language, creating an environment to support natural language learning, observing children talking, finding out what they know in using language, establishing a supportive environment, understanding and appreciating the home literacy and helping parents to understand the value of a strong first or home language (Hassanzadeh et al. 40)Local and international studies show that the use of the learner’s mother tongue or the language used at home is the most effective medium of learning. â€Å"It is the easiest way for children to access the unfamiliar world of school learning. (Luistro)† If the use of mother tongue will be discarded in favor of a new unfamiliar language upon the children’s entry into grade school, the learners lose interest in their studies because there is a disconnection in the language used at home and in school. It will also be a loss of confidence in them as learners since their culture and experiences are excluded in classroom interactions.Strong and well-planned MT-Based MLE programs help students to build a string educational foundation when they enable and encourage students to develop oral fluency in their first language, introduce reading and writing in their first language, help students to become fluent and confident in first language literacy, and lastly, build their capacity to use thei r mother tongue for everyday communication and for learning in school.MTB-MLE help learners build a ‘good bridge’ when the teachers introduce  other languages in oral through a meaningful and non-threatening activities, introduce writing and reading other language by building on what they have learned about the oral teaching of language and their foundation in the first language literacy because reading is like a bicycle, we only need to learn once, and lastly, build fluency and confidence in using oral and written language for everyday communication and for academic learning.MTB-MLE programs ensure that students achieve educational competencies or standards established by education officials for each grade when the teachers use the mother tongue only for teaching in the early year of grade school, as students are learning basic communication skills in English and the teachers use the mother tongue with English for teaching in later grades, as students gain fluency an d confidence in using the school language for learning academic concepts. (Malone 3-4)B.Points and ideas about Mother Tongue-based EducationLanguage is one of the valuable gifts which have been passed to children. The first language is significant and builds the basis for all later language progresses. Parents, family members and early childhood professionals have very important role on the development and maintenance of the first language. Studies shows that knowing one language can assist the child to comprehend how other languages work. First or home language is particularly important for the child‘s development of a positive self-concept and well-being.Children who have the chance to maintain their first language can extend their cognitive development, while learning English [this also can be correct with other languages including Turkish] as a second language. Their level of competence in the second language has relationship to the level of competence they have achieved i n their first language. Children with a sound knowledge of their first language will be able to transfer skills from one language to another. Early childhood professionals can play a vital role in the maintenance of children‘s first languages.They can provide opportunities for children to use their mother tongue in early childhood settings and at school and encourage the parents to use the mother tongue at home in order to provide a good foundation for learning English. It is important to reassure parents that children will learn English as a second language from English speakers (Clarke). The mother tongue opens the  door, including its own grammar, to all grammars, in which it awakens the potential for universal grammar that lies within all of us. It is the valuable asset people bring to the task of language learning. For this reason, the mother tongue is the master key to foreign languages, the tool which gives us the fastest, surest, most precise, and most complete means of accessing a foreign language.Successful learners capitalize on the vast amount of linguistic skills and world knowledge they have accumulated via the mother tongue. For the beginner, becoming aware of meanings automatically involves connecting them with the mother tongue – until the FL has established an ever-more complex network for itself. The foreign language learner must build upon existing skills and knowledge acquired in and through the mother tongue. Monolingual lessons without the help of the mother tongue are extrinsically possible; however, monolingual learning is an intrinsic impossibility.No one can simply turn off what they already know. It is postulated that the mother tongue is ‘silently‘ present in beginners, even when lessons are kept monolingual. Just as we build upon our abilities to vocalize, to read and to write, all of which have been developed via our mother tongue, so too we are unable to switch off our knowledge of the world, again acq uired through the mother tongue. With the emergence of research into the role of form-focused instruction, teacher- researchers have also begun to acknowledge the mother tongue as a legitimate tool with the potential to facilitate learning mainly in accuracy-based tasks (Ferrer). â€Å"You can banish the MT from the classroom, but you cannot banish it from the pupils’ heads† (Butzkamm p.31).We need to associate the new with the old. To exclude MT links would deprive us of the richest source for building cross-linguistic networks. The well-directed and informative use of lexical and syntactic parallels between the mother tongue and foreign languages taught in schools promotes retention and deepens the understanding of the historical affinity of language and culture (Butzkamm, 2003). The relationship between languages should be clearly established and not ignored or suppressed. The non-use of the MT, however, seriously constrains what can be said and read. MT will save l earners from a feeling of frustration which will eventually lead them to avoid all topics of personal interest. The measured and well-calculated contribution of the mother tongue can allow pupils to tackle more difficult texts sooner (Hassanzadeh et al. 40-42).III.TARGET LEARNERS OF MOTHER TONGUE-BASED EDUCATIONBasically, MTB-MLE targets students who are having a difficulty in understanding other languages rather than their own language which is their first language. Most of these students are primarily entering kindergarten and first three years of grade school. It’s very common that children will lack interest in going to school once they didn’t understand their lessons at school. Since, their parents are from different places around the country or around the world, it’s expected them to speak and understand what they learn from their parents. Not all students can understand English or other languages. At the start of classes, many will have a hard time in cop ing up with the lessons since they’re having a difficulty in understanding what the teachers are saying.MTB-MLE aims to produce learners who are:Multi-literate – they can read and write competently in the local language, the national language, and one or more languages of wider communication, such as English;Multi-lingual – they can use these languages in various situations;Multi-cultural – they can live and work harmoniously with people of culture backgrounds that are different from their own (Nolasco 3).IV.EFFECTS OF MOTHER TONGUE-BASED EDUCATION TO STUDENTSA.AdvantagesIn Mother Tongue-based Multilingual Education, students are taught over a period of time in their native language and English is treated as a second language, taught side by side and only when the student is believed to have attained proficiency in native language, so that he can master English easily. Technically and simply speaking, multilingual education is any educational system that favors education in more than one language. According to its proponents, the most important benefit of this system is that a student, who is from a non-English speaking background, can easily learn English, owing to his language development, in his native language as well as in English language.And isn't it good to be proficient in various languages? What problem does it create if a student is well conversant in English and in his mother tongue? Besides that, a child who is exposed to multiple languages will be able to develop a better sense of appreciating  various cultures and understanding societies. After all, now we're living in a global world and so being multilingual is always an asset in firms and business works.Added to these advantages the child can easily use his native language in groups and he won't feel ashamed of it. In case, he is just aware of one language, he may face problems of hesitation in expressing himself. Its beautiful form of education as the minority sp eakers can learn English even while being able to strengthen their cultural bonds by being proficient in their mother tongue. (Pandey)B.DisadvantagesUnsuccessful Attempt at Integration into SocietyMultilingual education was deemed necessary since it was supposed to help integrate the children of immigrants and minorities into society. The system of multilingual education demanded separate teachers and classrooms and believed in gradual integration into society by allowing children to receive education in their native language for a period of three or more years.Proponents of a single medium of instruction opposed bilingual education, since they believed that separate teachers and classrooms would widen the already existing gap between citizens and immigrants. They further proposed that encouraging children to interact within their own community for a period of three years, would delay the process of adjusting to the ways of life in a new country.School Dropout RatesOver the years, t he dropout rate in various schools across North America has reduced significantly. The medium of instruction in the above-mentioned schools is English. However, there has been no reduction in the dropout rates for schools offering multilingual education. Most people feel that a dropout rate of 35% doesn't justify the costs involved in providing this form of education.Unavailability of TeachersMultilingual education requires a number of trained teachers who are proficient in both English and their native language, assuming that English is one of the mediums of instruction. There is a wide gap between the demand and the supply for teachers, who are both confident and capable of handing the intense pressure associated with managing a class of students requiring special attention.Lack of ClassroomsThere is a dearth of classrooms that can accommodate students, who require instructions in both English and their native language. Students are expected to sit together in one class regardless of their age and the variations in the required level of education. This poses a great problem for teachers, who, in addition to being well versed in two languages, have to exhibit a certain level of comfort in handling different levels of education, simultaneously.Lack of FundsThe mentioned issues bring us to the tip of the problem: lack of funds to promote multilingual education.Bilingual Education Is CostlyEducation becomes unobtainable, when a language that is not dominant in nature is to be taught. The scenario becomes economically feasible, when multiple languages commonly used, are taught. An education system ought to be aware that the noble sap of education and literacy lies in understanding the language in which knowledge is imparted. The content and context of the subject becomes oblivious, if the student is not well acquainted with the language employed (Iyer).V.CONCLUSIONThis paper presents the benefits of a Mother Tongue-based Multilingual Education. MTB-MLE is a very helpful program to those students who use their first language in everyday life. It is used to also be a bridge or a mediator to learn other languages as well. Although it has some disadvantage in our money, it will ensure us that our children, future children and relatives will understand and learn very well the lesson being taught in school. Thus, Mother Tongue-based education is challenging in terms of planning, implementing and sustaining MTB-MLE programs in multiple language communities especially in multi-lingual countries lacking extensive financial resources.

Discuss the Importance of Dreams in Of Mice and Men Essay

The book ‘Of Mice and Men’ was published in September, 1937 and was set in the depression of the 1930s in California at the location of Soledad. Steinbeck uses ‘Soledad’ because it translates as loneliness which arises the point that the time in which this book was set was a time of loneliness where it was very unusual to have a companion or family with you which led to the existence of dreams; to look forward to more pleasant and happier times. At this time: 1930s America, most Americans had the so-called American Dream. This was to own their own piece of land as well as being the boss of it. This was the common dream amongst ranch workers to have something to live for and aid them with their loneliness. The dream came into existence in the 1800s when land was more readily available. By the 1930s, when this novella was set, it was almost impossible to make their dreams a reality due to the 1929 Wall Street stock market collapse which had resulted in prices increasing drastically, and more importantly; there was a desperate act of poverty making people sell what they had and live on the streets. This is what led to the rugged individualism of each person. As well as this, it was made even more difficult as most land had been bought beforehand. It is due to the Wall Street Crash that many went to California for work. President Roosevelt at that time had the job of directing workers such as George and Lennie to ranches or farms where there was work. Steinbeck uses Lennie and George to personify the dream of the migrant worker; own their own land along with giving the opportunity to settle in the ‘promised land (California)’. Migrant workers are labourers who work on ranches as harvesters involving lifting heavy materials; hard work for little wages. They have no family or friends as they continuously travel to different ranches in California in order to keep work. This is how workers had to get jobs and was the way of life for migrant workers. In relation to this, work card were important as it gave them a work permit which ranch owners required when recruiting. In comparison to modern day working conditions, workers such as George and Lennie would not receive holidays, sickness payments or old age pensions from their ranch. Therefore, futures for most men looked bleak. Without dreams, no-one would have reason to keep going. An example of this is Lennie wanting his own animals in the future to ‘pet.’ There is symbolism within the book that refers to the Garden of Eden. He sets the scene of this by using description such as â€Å"Willows fresh and green with every spring† which could be interpreted as referring to the Garden of Eden. I believe Steinbeck is trying to put across the imperfectness of humans along with temptation and results of doing a â€Å"bad thing† (said by Lennie). Lennie shows that temptation causes him to lose his way and represents the imperfection of humans. His desire to pet soft objects without foreseeing the consequences puts him on a collision course with others. Also, the girl in Weed and Curley’s wife are both temptations that made his curiosity grow and he could not resist. Curley’s wife could be seen as the serpent in the garden; a liar, a temptation, a manipulator of men to get her way. Like Eve, she is curious, in this case about Lennie. Her actions are innocent but the outcomes are bad, (telling Lennie to touch her soft hair in the barn which leads to her death) just as Eve’s actions caused them and human beings to be sent of the ‘perfect place.’ Curley’s wife’s actions tempt Lennie whose actions cause him along with the others to lose their dream of a little farm. Lastly, Adam and Eve were thrown out of Eden for going against God; therefore mankind is in loneliness and wandering. Steinbeck shows this when George asks who used to live on his bunk with Candy replying that he had just left: â€Å"gimme my time one might like any guy would.† After this, George then brings Lennie along which creates suspicion because two men didn’t travel together; â€Å"Hardly none of the guys ever travel together.† There was a big contrast in the timeless rural vision of America and what was to all but end this: the 1930s Depression. The vision was that workers will move up the ranks of working to eventually own their individual land; however this would never be when the 1930s Depression occurred. There was a big drop in every economic growth along with very high unemployment. It also resulted in countries leaving the gold standard in order to recover. These reasons helped the American Dream to not be a successful one for so many. Steinbeck is effective and does well to imply that there is another world other then the perfect one that was envisaged by everyone by saying: â€Å"beaten hard by the boys coming down from the ranches† and â€Å"beaten hard by tramps who come wearily down from the highway.† Words such as â€Å"beaten hard† and â€Å"tramps† suggest this other world and show the stark contrast between dreams and reality. The main characters include George, who is a small, quick man with well-defined features. He is a migrant ranch worker who dreams of one day saving enough money to buy his own place and being his own boss, many men in the Depression dreamed of this. His only set back is his mentally handicapped friend Lennie whom he travels with and has been since he promised Lennie’s Aunt Clara he would look after him after she died. Looking after Lennie stops George from working towards his dream and even prevent him from having a normal life of a rancher, because of this, George and Lennie regularly fight. George yearns for companionship as can be told by the metaphor of him playing solitaire. The tension of having to look after Lennie and himself shows in George and he shows a wide variety of emotions during the novella, from anger to patience to sadness. Lennie is mentally slow, he’s enormous. He is George’s companion and he is the source of the all the novel’s conflict. He is George’s opposite both mentally and physically. Lennie’s innocence and helplessness, his childish actions, such is his desire to pet soft things makes him likeable to the readers of the novella. George and Lennie’s dream is more materialistic than to just own land and be their own boss, as they envision a place where â€Å"nobody gona get hurt nor steal from them.† The friendship between the two is firmly rooted in their dream. Candy and Crooks along with others are also caught up in the dream. Curly’s wife also had a dream which was to become a movie star. But in one way or another, all the dreams of these workers are smashed.

Eth125 R8 Disability Diversity

Associate Program Material Aging and Disability Worksheet Part I Identify 2 or 3 issues faced by the aging population. 1. Lack of security for the future (social security dwindling) 2. Unable to afford being able to retire 3. Being alone Answer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. †¢ What is ageism? How does ageism influence the presence of diversity in society? Ageism is prejudice or discrimination against a particular age-group, especially the elderly.Ageism influences the presence of diversity because those who are affected by ageism within their career may lose their job due to newer, younger, cheaper people coming into the workplace to take over their current position. Which may leave those who are older without proper insurance to take care of their aging bodies which could result in earlier deaths and a lack of diversity in the world. Also when the younger generation takes over positions in the workplace that wor kplace will have a lack of diversity as well. http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/ageism What is the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)? How does the ADEA address issues for the aging population? The Age Discrimination in Employment Act was put into place in 1967 to prohibit discrimination of people over the age of 40 in the work place. The ADEA addresses issues for the aging population by making it illegal to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual or otherwise discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s age.Also it makes it illegal to limit, segregate, or classify his employees in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee, because of such individual’s age. http://www. eeoc. gov/laws/statutes/adea. cfm †¢ What is being done to ad dress the issues you identified? The ADEA had put many laws in affect to make it illegal to discriminate someone for their age. It also has been recommended to Congress to have education and research programs.These programs shall research, and promote research, with a view to reducing barriers to the employment of older persons, and the promotion of measures for utilizing their skills. They will also publish and otherwise make available to employers, professional societies, the various media of communication, and other interested persons the findings of studies and other materials for the promotion of employment and foster through the public employment service system and through cooperative effort the development of facilities of public and private agencies for expanding the opportunities and potentials of older persons. ttp://www. eeoc. gov/laws/statutes/adea. cfm †¢ Is the number of aging population expected to rise in numbers or decrease? The number of aging population is ex pected to rise in numbers. â€Å"With baby boomers approaching retirement, the 65-and-over population in the United States could increase nearly 80 percent by 2025. During the same period, there will be just 15 percent more working-age adults and 15 percent more children younger than 15. † With the number of baby boomers approaching retirement there will be a strain put on social ecurity and other benefits made available to those who are senior citizens. This will cause problems to those retire after them. There is no certainty that things like social security will last through the baby boomers and be around when the next generation retires. http://www. globalaging. org/elderrights/us/populationrise. htm †¢ What types of legislation may or may not be affected by the aging population? Two major pieces of legislature that will be affected by the aging population is pension provision and health care.With both pension and health care the key issues that will cause issues is that the number of people working and paying taxes to fun pension and health care programs is going to dramatically decrease as the baby boomers retire and as they retire the amount of people uses these services in going to see an increase. Legislation regarding items such as criminals is unlikely to have any effect on the aging population. While there are some laws in certain states requiring older people to retake their drivers test each year or every two years a country wide law could also affect the aging population as well. How does poverty affect the aging population? Poverty affects the aging population in many different ways. Since people are living longer and with that resources are decreasing as time goes on and the elderly have fewer and fewer choices for finding help with finances and health related issues, which results in substandard medical care. Having substandard medical care can result in subpar health and either suffering due to a medical condition or death from a medical condition that could have been treating if better medical care was available to them.Another affect poverty has is subpar housing and the ability to provide food for themselves due to a lack of income and the fact that many programs meant to help have strict guidelines or are disappearing all together. Part II Answer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. †¢ What does the ADA provide for people with disabilities? The ADA’s goal is to provide equality to people with disabilities and protect them from any discrimination that they may be faced with.The ADA provides protection to those with disabilities in the workplace where there is a possibility they could be discriminated against and be fired, or passed over for a job. The ADA also insures that public structures are accessible to those with disabilities. By doing this it allows people with disabilities to feel more like equals by having protection from di scrimination and the ability to enjoy the same things their friends do such as going to restaurants and the mall. http://www. ada. gov/q&aeng02. tm †¢ How have people with disabilities been treated in the past? In the past people with disabilities have been treated unfairly and have faced discrimination. In recent years things have been improving but there is still work to be done. There are still a few buildings that are not handicap accessible. Some may be included in the exclusion under the ADA such as historical buildings but there are some who are â€Å"flying under the radar† and until a problem arises they will continue on with their business.Another problem people with disabilities faced was discrimination in the work place. They were often not chosen for jobs because they were not able to perform them with accommodations. While this may still occur with the ADA it makes it illegal. †¢ How has the attitude toward people with disabilities changed over time? I n earlier years people with disabilities were often placed into institutions and were then forgotten about which resulted in them living in unsafe and unsanitary conditions.Many of them were abused, neglected or murdered by their own families or by the people who worked at the institutions. They were called â€Å"retarded†. Today discrimination towards those with disabilities still does exist the condition of the homes in which some disabled live is acceptable and some with disabilities are able to have happy healthy lives with little or no accommodations made. Some neglect and abuse still does occur but the days of forced sterilization are over. What are some unique circumstances or issues encountered by people with disabilities? There are many unique circumstances or issues encountered by people with disabilities. Little people definetelty face many of these unique circumstances. Just going to a restaurant or even a friend’s house provides issues for little people to be able to get around safely by car or being able to see on top of counters and reach things like sinks. People in wheelchairs also face some unusual circumstances off their own.Just like little people they also may encounter problems reaching counters and sinks, and traveling. Just imagine trying to navigate your wheelchair across a snowy parking lot or sidewalk to get to your favorite restaurant. †¢ What is being done to address those issues? Many public places have smaller toilets and sinks that help children and little people be able to reach the sinks and toilets with ease. Adding these little things help not only the little people community but also help children becomes more independent.Many public places also have wheelchair assessable sinks that allow them to pull their chairs right up and under the sink to allow them to reach it with ease. Handicap accessible parking spot allow for all people with disabilities to park closer to reduce the amount they have to walk thu s reducing the amount of accidents that could occur. †¢ What types of legislation have been introduced to address issues faced by people with disabilities? On January 23, 1990 Congress passed the â€Å"Americans with Disabilities Act† (ADA) it provided protection for people with disabilities in many aspects of their lives.In 1988 the Fair Housing Act was amended to include people with disabilities and families with children with disabilities. In 1973 the Rehabilitation act prohibited discrimination against someone with a disability by anyone receiving federal assistance, but it did not cover discrimination by employers, public accommodations in the private sector, publicly funded programs or those providing federal financial assistance. Protection for all disabilities did not take place until the Americans with Disabilities Act passed.CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I  certify that  the attached  paper is my original work. I am familiar with and acknowledge my responsib ilities, which are part of the University of Phoenix Student Code of Academic Integrity. I affirm that any section of the paper which has been submitted previously is attributed and cited as such, and that this paper has not been submitted by anyone else. I have identified the sources of all information whether quoted verbatim or paraphrased, all images, and all quotations with citations and reference listings.Along with citations and reference listings, I have used quotation marks to identify quotations of fewer than 40 words and have used block indentation for quotations of 40 or more words. Nothing in this assignment violates copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property laws. I further agree that my name typed  on the line below is intended to have, and shall have, the same validity as my handwritten signature. Student's  signature (name typed here is equivalent to a signature): Skyye Smith